The Federal Bankruptcy Act prohibits public and private employers from engaging in various discriminatory acts against individuals because they have filed for bankruptcy. 11 U.S.C. § 525. Inexplicably, the statutes applicable to public and private employers are not identical. The law applicable to a public employer, for example, specifically provides that it "may not . . . deny employment to" one who has filed for bankruptcy. 11 U.S.C. § 525(a). This "deny employment to" language does not appear in the statute for private employers. 11 U.S.C. § 525(b).

When does a plaintiff’s bankruptcy bar a later discrimination claim? The Ninth Circuit recently framed the issue with two cases:

Section 4-9-513 of the Colorado Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) provides that "a secured party shall cause the secured party of record for a financing statement to file a termination statement . . . within one month after there is no obligation secured by the collateral covered by the financing statement and no commitment to make an advance . . . ."  Simply stated, when a secured obligation is paid and there is no commitment to make an advance, the secured party is obligated to file a termination statement. 

In a recent unanimous decision, the United States Supreme Court made it more difficult to avoid a bankruptcy debtor discharging a debt tied to "defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity." [1] In Bullock, the Court stated that a defalcation, or misappropriation of funds, requires a

The legalization under state law of the marijuana business in Colorado through Amendment 20 (medical marijuana) and Amendment 64 (recreational marijuana) (Amendment 20 and Amendment 64 shall be referred to collectively as the "Colorado Amendments") raises serious issues for banks whose customers or borrowers are involved in the marijuana business in Colorado. The Colorado Amendments do not affect federal law that defines marijuana as a Class 1 controlled substance.

If a loan or extension of credit requires collateral, banks prefer collateral that is readily marketable rather than taking a security interest in a closely-held business.  Occasionally, the only collateral that is available or that the borrower can offer is corporate stock that is not traded on a public market, an interest in a limited liability company ("LLC") or a partnership interest.  It is common for closely-held business entities to prohibit an assignment of an owner's interest or require as a condition to an assignment the consent of the other owners of the entity.

New bankruptcy forms and rules that took effect December 1, 2011, require secured creditors either to attach evidence of perfection of their security interest to the proof of claim form that they file, or attach a statement of why the documents are not available.